High Blood Pressure: initial Investigations

High Blood Pressure: initial Investigations-Aorta

You may wonder why your high blood pressure was not diagnosed until you had to have a medical for your new assurance policy. This is probably because you had not had your blood pressure measured for some years. Like you, many people with high blood pressure have no symptoms at all. The only way to know if you have high blood pressure is to have it measured on a quarterly basis. If the only medical check-ups you have are for assurance or possibly before you start a new job, then those are the only times when whatever has the opportunity to part your blood pressure and find out that it is high.

Aorta

Your doctor may suggest that you take some tests. This is mainly for two important reasons. The first is to correlate how much organ damage has already been done and to originate baseline values so that any possible damage can be assessed in the future. Unless your general pattern is recorded from the beginning, apparent changes later on may be misinterpreted. The main target organs of high blood pressure are the large and small arteries anywhere in the body, but especially in the brain, eyes, heart and kidneys. Measurable damage of this sort is not very coarse under 40 years of age, except in people with diastolic pressures sustained above 120 mmHg for many years. The other suspect is to find out if your high blood pressure is the less coarse secondary type. The "classical" causes of secondary high blood pressure are all rare, accounting for less than 1% of all cases of high blood pressure. In practice, they are usually searched for in two stages: before medicine begins and then later on if medicine unaccountably fails. For example, if after any months of treatment, your blood pressure was still not under control or if after any years of good control, your blood pressure became unruly despite continued treatment, then a secondary cause might be sought, starting with investigations to see either one of your kidney arteries had been blocked by a clot. Some very rare causes, such as the adrenal gland tumor phaeochromocytoma, are very difficult to find and require much persistence.

Before staring treatment, you should have your kidneys checked, which involves having simple urine tests for protein, bacteria and glucose and by having your blood urea and creatinine levels measured. All these tests require as far as you are involved is providing a urine sample and having a small amount of blood taken from your arm. The results of these tests will supply a baseline part for estimate of future organ damage and act as a check for possible causes. They may indicate a cause in the kidneys, which catalogue for more than half of all cases of secondary high blood pressure.

When checking for pulses, in this case, uses those in your groin and your feet and ankles, instead of the pulse in your wrist. A quick check on the groin pulses in sufficient to exclude a very rare health called coarctation of the aorta. The pulses in your feet and ankles supply data about the state of your leg and coronary arteries (arteries the supply blood to your heart). If you are over 40, then the health of your les and coronary arteries should be assessed by taking these pulses and by asking you if you usually get pain in your calves or in the front of your chest after rehearsal such as continued walking or stair climbing and theses pains are worst cold whether. If you write back "yes" to your physician's question, this would suggest that you may have some artery problems.

Damage to the eyes usually only occurs in people with very high pressures and so most people will not need to have their eyes examined. However, people with very high pressures do need right test of the retina (the black part of the eye). The purpose of this exam is to look for bleeding and swelling colse to small retinal arteries, which report imminent high risk of serious damage to the eyes, brain and kidneys. When found, this is a medical accident requiring urgent admission to the hospital.

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Arteries and Veins

Arteries and Veins-Aorta

In today's newsletter, we're going to talk about the vascular principles -- your arteries and veins. Unlike our discussion of the heart, which required a great deal of anatomy, our discussion of anatomy today will be much simpler. As I've stated previously, my goal in this series is not to make you doctors, but to help you understand adequate about your body's systems and how they work so that you can report with your doctor and actively share in your treatment. If you have high blood pressure, blood clots, or atherosclerosis, it's imperative that you fully understand how that happened, the physiological consequences of any healing treatments, and any viable alternatives that might be ready to you.

Aorta

That's what we will cover today.

Circulatory Systems

As we discussed previously, you have any safe bet circulatory systems.

The pulmonary principles that carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs, and then returns the refreshed oxygenated blood back to the heart.

The systemic principles that carries the oxygenated blood away from the heart out to every single cell in your body, and then returns the spent deoxygenated blood back to the heart so that it can be sent out through the pulmonary system.

There is surely a third system, the portal system, which loops within safe bet organs or areas of the body that we will discuss in future newsletters.

The important thing to understand about these circulatory systems is that they are "closed looped." Unless there is injury, no blood leaves them. As you will see, even the nourishment that every single cell in your body receives from your blood happens without that blood ever leaving the ended system. This becomes key when we talk about blood pressure.

The circulatory systems are comprised of:

- Arteries.

- Arterioles.

- Capillaries.

- Veins.

All told, these four components make up some 50,000 miles of passageways in the body. Let's take a look at them in more detail.

Arterial system

Arteries, arterioles, and capillaries make up the arterial system. Arteries and arterioles have only one function--to move blood throughout the body. That's all they do. They are channels, tubes, pipes if you will. As long as they are unclogged, flexible, and undamaged, they do their job. The primary difference in the middle of arteries and arterioles is one of size. Arterioles are just the smallest arteries you can see with the naked eye. Again, arteries and arterioles have only one function, to move blood. They do not feed any cells of the body--not even their own. That's surely a fun small bit of trivia. The arteries of your body are not fed by the blood that flows through them. They need their own network of blood vessels called the vasa vasorum (literally, vessels of a vessel) that feed them -- from the outside!

As I mentioned, I'm not going to get into naming all of the arteries in the body; but for the most part, arteries take their names from whether the organs they furnish (e.g.., the hepatic artery, which feeds the liver) or the areas through which they voyage (e.g., the subclavian artery, which travels under the clavicle--Aka, the collar bone).

Capillaries

Capillaries are quite dissimilar in function. They are not designed to shuttle blood. In fact, blood hardly flows through them at all as they are so small they allow only one blood cell at a time to pass through. Instead, the capillaries are the end point of the arterial system. It is in the capillaries that food and oxygen are exchanged with every cell in your body (except your cornea and the lens of your eye). Amazingly, of the 50,000 miles of circulation in the body, capillaries consist of over 49,000 miles.

Unlike the arteries, capillaries are imperceptible to the naked eye. They are smaller than a human hair--microscopic. And it is because they are so small and their walls are so thin, that capillaries serve as the replacement principles for food and oxygen in the body. Keep in mind that every single cell in the body (except the cornea and lens) is near a capillary. That means that as blood passes through the ultra thin capillaries, it is easy for oxygen and tiny sugar and protein molecules (the end products of digestion) to "exchange" through the walls of the vessel and feed every single cell in the body.

Capillaries also serve as the connecting point in the middle of the arterial principles and venous principles that returns deoxygenated blood to the heart. The same replacement principles that works to feed the cells of the body works in reverse. Cells pass their waste such as carbon dioxide back through the walls of the capillaries, where the blood cells recently relieved of their oxygen payload, can now pick up the Co2 waste from the cell and carry it back to the lungs for replacement with fresh oxygen.

Surprisingly, there's more "space" inside the tiny capillaries than can be filled by your entire blood supply. If all your capillaries were "open" simultaneously, your blood pressure would drop precipitously, and you would die. What happens, though, is that your body intelligently shunts blood into dissimilar capillaries as needed. When functioning properly, this is a pressure regulating mechanism. The body can open more capillaries to lower pressure, and close off sections if needed to raise pressure.

Note: our bodies withhold the ability to sprout new capillaries throughout our entire lives.

Venous System

The venous principles returns deoxygenated blood to the heart, and for the most part, it pretty much parallels the arterial principles in all aspects--just in reverse. Whereas the arteries start out large (the aorta) and end small (the capillaries), the venous principles starts small (the capillaries) and ends large (the vena cava). Veins tend to run right next to their corresponding arteries, and in fact have similar names. The subclavian vein, for example, runs in tandem with the subclavian artery under your collar bone. The primary irregularity is the vena cava, which is the aorta's counterpart.

How arteries and veins are constructed

In this section, we start studying how problems occur. For it is their dissimilar construction (dictated by their dissimilar functions) that defines the nature of the things that can go wrong such as hardening of the arteries, high blood pressure, and blood clots.

Arteries

Arterial walls are composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle. It is their elastic nature and the nearnessy of large muscle tissue that allows them to enlarge and compact as the heart beats. This allows them to even out the increase in pressure caused by each beat. This is one of the primary reasons why hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis) increases blood pressure. If you pump more fluid through the same sized tube, pressure must increase. On the other hand, if the tube is flexible and can widen, the increase is less. (We will talk more about this later.)

Veins

Veins are thinner walled than arteries and have less elastic tissue, and much, much less smooth muscle tissue. Instead, veins make use of valves and the muscle contraction of your body's major skeletal muscles to squeeze blood along. This is the presume you're asked to get up and walk nearby on a long plane flight--to forestall blood from pooling in your legs. As a side note, the lack of muscle in the walls of veins makes them more susceptible to bleeding when injured since there's no muscle to clamp down.

Problems that can occur in arteries

There isn't much mystery as to what the qoute is--the build up of arterial plaque on the walls of the arteries and arterioles. There is, however, a great deal of mystery as to what causes it.

The basic qoute is that arterial plaque (a mixture of protein, calcium and cholesterol) starts construction up on the walls of the arteries. This causes the arteries to both preserve and narrow. So far so good! But what causes that buildup?

The cholesterol theory

The primary principles lays the blame on cholesterol--that as cholesterol levels climb in the blood, this causes plaque to form on the walls of the arteries. But this principles begins to collapse under even the most elementary scrutiny. As I mentioned in my newsletter, the Cholesterol Myth, one of my favorite questions to ask doctors is, "If cholesterol is the main culprit in heart disease, why don't veins ever get narrowed and blocked?" And if you wanted to, you could throw capillaries into the equation too. Capillaries do not evidence the build up of arterial plaque. (They do, however, clog with amyloid plaque in the brain. But that's a dissimilar qoute that we'll cover in a later newsletter.)

Think about this for a moment. If you have cholesterol circulating equally through the entire circulatory system, but it only causes plaque to build up in the arteries and arterioles, not the capillaries or veins, then how can cholesterol be the primary cause of the problem? If cholesterol caused plaque to form, wouldn't it form everywhere? Since it only forms in the arteries, doesn't the qoute have to be something unique to those arteries?

The arterial wall theory

A more sophisticated version of the principles says that the build up of plaque is triggered by damage to the arterial wall--the endothelial lining. The lining consists of a thin layer of endothelial cells that performs two indispensable functions:

- It protects the "innards" of the artery from toxic substances in the blood.

- It helps regulate the expansion and contraction of the arteries by releasing a bio-chemical (cyclic Gmp) into the cells of the smooth muscle in the arterial wall that turn the tone or firmness of the artery.

- In an effort to repair damage to the endothelium, your body will "patch" the damage with plaque.

- This produces one of two conditions--two sides of the same coin really.

Artherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries)

Damage to the endothelial lining is "managed" by the smooth muscle cells surrounding the lining. smooth muscle cells retort to endothelial injury by rapidly multiplying and producing a fibrin/calcium/cholesterol patch. These patches, called plaques occur just inside the lining and thicken the artery's inner wall. Over time, given multiple injuries, the wall of the artery begins to preserve and come to be dysfunctional, no longer expanding and contracting to regulate blood pressure --and steadily narrowing the passageway through which blood flows.

Arteriosclerosis (plaque build up)

Another way of describing this process is that your body creates plaque to "paste over" any damaged areas--like a scab over a cut. Over time, given repeated injury, these plaques intrude more and more on the inner passage of the artery steadily compromising the ability of the artery to enlarge and compact and for blood to flow freely.

But it gets worse

The damage to the arterial wall also triggers an immune response with white blood cells flooding the area. This leads to a lasting inflammatory response in the blood vessel. Continued inflammation causes even more damage, which accelerates the process.

All of this, of course, brings up the ,000 question: "Since the entire principles hinges on damage to the endothelial lining, what surely causes the damage to the lining, and why doesn't it happen to the lining of the veins?"

Once again, oxidized fats and Ldl cholesterol are named as the key culprits. Other suspected culprits include:

- Free radicals.

- High blood pressure (yes, high blood pressure begets more high blood pressure).

- Diabetes.

- High homocysteine levels.

- High C-Reactive Protein levels.

- Low levels of vitamin C (similar to scurvy).

- Low levels of nitric oxide.

- Heavy metals.

- Aging.

- Muscle matters

But once again, the question arises: "Are not all of these things gift in the capillaries and veins too?" The answer, of course, is yes they are--which means there's still a missing piece in the equation. The answer, agreeing to the pH theory, lies not in what flows through the arteries and veins (which is identical), but in their construction (which is different). The key difference in the middle of arteries and veins is in the number of muscle tissue surrounding the endothelial lining. In arteries and arterioles, the smooth muscle is extensive. In veins, it is minimal. And in capillaries, it is totally absent. Why does this matter?

It matters because when muscle tissue is used it produces lactic acid. If your body is healthy (in an alkaline state) and has ready access to an abundant source of oxygen rich blood, that lactic acid can clear quickly. But for those people who eat a high acid forming diet and are in an acidic state, the lactic acid cannot clear quickly. (Remember, blood vessels do not have direct access to the oxygen in the blood that flows through them. They are dependent on the vasa vasorum.) It is the lactic acid that provides the final trigger that causes damage to occur in arterial linings, but not so in veins. It is the nearnessy of accumulated lactic acid in the smooth muscles surrounding arteries that ultimately causes plaques to form.

But even beyond lactic acid, there's another area where muscle tissue matters: nitric oxide. The contraction of the muscles in the arterial walls is regulated by a signaling molecule that we referred to earlier called cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cyclic Gmp) in the muscle cells. Cyclic Gmp causes the arterial muscle to relax, in preparation for its next contraction. Cyclic Gmp is triggered by nitric oxide, which is produced in the endothelial lining. The ability of the lining to fabricate adequate nitric oxide to voice artery dilation is one of its most crucial functions. As damage continues to build in the lining, it blocks nitric oxide-induced dilation, thus stiffening the arteries.

High Blood Pressure

If the arterial blockages happen in your coronary arteries, the result, as we've discussed previously, is coronary heart disease and a heart attack. If it happens in the carotid arteries important to the brain, it can cause a stroke.

In most cases, however, the damage happens systemically, throughout your arterial system, and the follow is high blood pressure. As a quick review, blood pressure is a determination of the two pressures in your circulatory principles as your heart beats. The increased pressure produced in your circulatory principles by the contraction of the left ventricle is referred to as systolic pressure. The reduced pressure during leisure is called diastolic pressure. These are the two numbers your doctor gives you when reading your blood pressure (e.g., 120 over 70). Both low and high blood pressure are dangerous, but low blood pressure is normally easier to manage. High blood pressure, on the other hand, tends to be more intractable and harder to manage--and therefore more dangerous.

Your body has many mechanisms for controlling blood pressure.

- It can turn the number of blood the heart pumps.

- It can turn the diameter of arteries, and the volume of blood in the bloodstream.

- To increase blood pressure, it can pump more blood by pumping more forcefully or more rapidly.

- It can also increase pressure by narrowing arteries (particularly the arterioles), forcing the blood from each heartbeat through a narrower space than normal.

- It can seal off capillaries forcing the blood into a smaller space, thereby expanding pressure.

- The body can add fluid to the bloodstream (regulated by the kidneys) to increase blood volume and thus increase blood pressure.

- And it can remove fluid from the blood (also regulated by the kidneys), thereby decreasing pressure.

All of these things happen automatically, regulated by a healthy body, without your even mental about it. In addition, blood-pressure measurements can vary throughout the day, affected by all things from:

- Food.

- Alcohol.

- Caffeine.

- Smoking.

- Stress.

- Climate.

- And the time of day.

Blood pressure changes that occur plainly during the day are the follow of the body's internal (circadian) rhythms. In most people, blood pressure rises rapidly in the early morning hours, in prospect of rising and beginning the day. This is not the follow of the physical act of rising but is a preset principles that automatically increases a person's blood pressure at that time. Likewise, pressure normally starts dropping early in the evening in prospect of going to sleep.

All of these things mentioned so far, have nothing to do with clinical hypertension unless they follow in secondary damage such as can be caused by smoking and alcohol or sustained stress. Clinical hypertension is a lasting and hazardous condition caused by:

- Constricted arteries.

- Hardened arteries.

- Malfunctioning kidneys (which we'll talk about in a subsequent newsletter).

If left untreated, lasting hypertension can cause:

- Damage to the heart muscle because of the extra load it puts on the heart.

- Strokes.

- Kidney damage--which leads to more hypertension, which leads to more kidney damage, etc.

And ultimately, it kills you.

Problems that can occur in veins

As we've already discussed, veins do not have a large number of muscle tissue to compact and squeeze blood along. That means that without physical operation to cause the skeletal muscles to squeeze the veins:

- Blood has a tendency to pool and stop flowing in veins--particularly in the legs where gravity works against you.

- Blood that isn't flowing tends to clot.

- Clots tend to propagate more clotting nearby the primary clot.

- Cumulatively, this can form very large clots.

- Large clots that stay in place and block the flow of blood cause phlebitis.

If the clot breaks free and starts traveling through the circulatory system, it's called a thrombus. At whatever point it lodges in a blood vessel and blocks it, it's called an embolism. If you think back to our discussion of the venous system, you'll remember that veins get steadily bigger as blood moves back to the heart. That means that clots that break free in the legs are unlikely to be stopped anywhere on their way back to the heart. The first place they are likely to lodge is when the right ventricle of the heart pumps them out into the pulmonary circulatory principles on the way to the lungs. If the clot is fairly small, it will lodge in the lung itself and block the flow of blood to a section of the lung, killing it. This is called a pulmonary embolism. Larger clots can surely lodge in the pulmonary artery feeding an entire lung...killing the lung just like that. Or the clot can lodge at the juncture where the pulmonary artery divides in the middle of the two lungs, which will kill both lungs simultaneously...in an instant.

Dvt, or deep vein thrombosis, is the term now generally linked with clots that form as the follow of Continued sitting on an airplane. They tend to break free the next time you start intriguing again with any vigor. This can be any days or weeks after the plane flight itself, which means many people never connect the two events.

There is one other celebrated place that clots tend to form. As a follow of low blood flow or damaged valves, clots can form in the left atrium of the heart. If the clot forms there, it's already past the pulmonary circulatory principles so it can't affect the lungs. Unfortunately, the next stop for the clot is out into the systemic circulatory system, where it has a good chance of being pushed up into the brain causing a stroke.

What doctors do about these problems

Medical treatments for vascular problems never address the actual causes, but seek instead to force test results back into line. What is your doctor likely to offer?

Clogged arteries

Modern treatment surely only has two approaches.

1. Surgically repair the damaged area (bypasses and angioplasties).

2. Use drugs to enhance the flow of blood through the damaged area and minimize the yield of cholesterol, which serves as one of the triggers.

Neither of these approaches, of course, surely deals with the real problem.

High blood pressure

When it comes to high blood pressure, doctors rely roughly exclusively on pharmaceutical drugs. The four major classes of drugs are:

1. Diuretics, which reduce pressure by making you pee out water from your body. reduce the volume of fluid in your blood, and you reduce the pressure. Unfortunately, side effects can consist of dizziness, weakness, an increased risk of strokes, and impotence. (Not to worry, there are medications to alleviate the side effects.)

2. Calcium channel blockers, which work to relax and widen the arteries--thus reducing blood pressure. Then again, a major side follow of channel blockers is a 60% increased risk of heart attack.

3. Beta blockers, which work by weakening the heart so it won't pump as strongly, thereby reducing blood pressure. One of the major problems with beta blockers, though, is the increased risk of congestive heart failure.

4. Ace inhibitors (the new drugs of choice), which like the calcium channel blockers, also work to relax and widen the arteries. Unfortunately, Ace inhibitors can furnish severe allergic reactions, can be deadly to fetuses and children who are breastfeeding, and can cause severe kidney damage.
Again, none of these drugs deals with the actual cause of the high blood pressure. They are merely an effort to force test numbers into line and forestall people from immediately dying.

Blood clots and Dvt

If doctors are worried about clots (such as after bypass surgery), they put patients on blood thinners. The thorough is Coumadin (warfarin). Aside from the usual jokes that Coumadin is essentially rat poison (which it is), it has serious side effects. It can cause severe internal bleeding that can be life-threatening and even cause death. You can always tell a man on warfarin by the uncut bruising all over their body since even the slightest bump or touch is adequate to cause internal bleeding. It's a bit like using dynamite to open a locked door. It can do the job, but you need to be oh so meticulous or you'll blow up the construction at the same time. There are good choices.

Note: some people might think aspirin is a good alternative. It's not. While aspirin may be useful at holding blood flowing through arteries, studies indicate it has no follow on preventing clots from forming in veins.

What are the options?

As it turns out, for most major heart problems, you have a world of alternatives--certainly safer and often far more efficient than their healing counterparts.

Clogged arteries

- Studies have shown that dietary changes alone can unplug arteries.

- Proteolytic enzymes, particularly formulas that consist of whether nattokinase or lumbrokinase, can break down the proteins that hold plaque together stuck to arterial walls--effectively dissolving it.
Proteolytic enzymes can also help dissolve scarring of the endothelial lining.
And proteolytic formulas that consist of seaprose-s, serrapeptase, and/or endonase can help reduce arterial inflammation that both constricts arteries in real time and contributes to future long term damage.

- adequate Omega-3 fatty acids in the diet also help reduce arterial inflammation and dramatically reduce the circulating levels of damaging Nefas.

- Antioxidants such as Sod, pomegranate, grape seed excerpt (Aka Opcs), and pycnogenol help heal the endothelial lining, thereby preventing future plaque and helping to heal current plaque.

- Methylating supplements such as B6, folic acid, B12, Tmg, and Same help reduce homocysteine levels, thereby reducing damage to the endothelial lining.

- L-arginine and noni excerpt assist the smooth muscle in arterial walls in obtaining adequate nitric oxide to function properly.

- regular heavy metal detoxing can reduce a major cause of irritation to the endothelial lining and a primary instigator of plaque formation.

- And raising body pH through proper diet and the use of supplements such as coral calcium reduces lactic acid levels in the arterial smooth muscle, thereby minimizing damage to arterial linings.

As you can see, there is a world of choices you can make that can dramatically turn your vascular outcomes. Virtually all of them are covered if you're following the Baseline of condition Program.

High blood pressure

Pretty much all things you do to reduce clogging of the arteries will, by definition, help to reduce blood pressure. In addition, though, you can also consider:

Lose weight. Easy laws of physics apply here. As we've already discussed, your blood vessels have to assistance every single cell in your body. The more body mass you have, the more pressure you need to force blood through the system. Lose weight; less pressure required.

If you smoke, stop. Smoking constricts blood vessels and raises pressure.

If you're stressed, try meditation or biofeedback. As part of your body's "flight and fight" mechanisms, stress increases heart rate and blood pressure to help retort to the short term stress of an attack from a saber toothed tiger. Twenty-four/seven stress was not designed into the system. Continued stress assuredly impacts blood pressure levels. Even if you have clogged arteries, reducing stress levels can still help drop your blood pressure levels significantly.

Herbs such as passionflower, apocynum venetum, hawthorne, and stevia (yes stevia) have all been shown in clinical studies to help lower blood pressure.

Blood clots and Dvt

Proteolytic enzymes, particularly formulas that consist of whether nattokinase or lumbrokinase are just as efficient at preventing clots, with wide ranging dosage tolerances. In other words, good proteolytic formulas work with minimal chance of side effects. In fact, a good systemic proteolytic enzyme method that also contains enzymes such as endonase, seaprose-s, or serrapeptase can have multiple useful effects for the circulatory principles in expanding to reducing clotting. Such formulas can play a major role in reducing inflammation and scarring in the cardiovascular principles and enhance cardio perfomance in athletes.

Conclusion

When it comes to most forms of heart disease linked with the arteries and veins, you have a world of alternatives--certainly safer and often far more efficient than their healing counterparts. It's also worth noting again that if you are following the Baseline of condition Program, then you're already doing most of them.

Which brings us to the final part of our series on the anatomy, physiology, and diseases of the cardiovascular system--your blood. In the next issue will take on this most involved of subjects.

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Purpose of Art

Purpose of Art-Aorta

Purpose of Art - The Concept

Aorta

The main purpose of art is the expression of boundless ideas and concepts. This effort can model behaviors, shape beliefs, and create shared experiences. In effect, it draws back to us, grows inside us, and becomes a part of us. Through its diverse forms, like literature, music, sculpture, and paintings, art touches every facet of our lives.

The Details

An element of specific joy, pleasure, and awareness, art serves the following functions:

o Religious - The oldest and still prevalent key purpose of art is as a car for religious ritual, witnessed Through the Prehistoric Paintings of France to those of Sistine Chapel in Italy.
o Events Capture - It may also serve as a commemoration of crucial events, such as major historical incident, wedding, and baptism to mention some.
o Communication - It is a way to review with others such as greetings.
o Publicity - Art is also a platform for propaganda or public commentary. Inspirations have been drawn from single viewpoints or the actions of public or underground institutions, like political parties, lobbyists, government, corporate, or religious groups perform. The purpose roots generally to the merciless World War Ii and its after effects. In the case of public commentary, art helps us create the awareness of past or prevailing human conditions, as per an artist's perception.
o Expression of Human Creative Instinct - Through it, we can capture any incident, emotion, or anything, which we can or cannot tap in a photograph. Art is a means of exploring and appreciating formal as well as informal elements. It expands and extends the shared tasteless optical language. When artists come up with new ideas, they are initially perceived as shocking and possibly incomprehensible. With time however, the ideas are accepted.
o Novelty - Art explores and unveils new ways and angles to well-known things. It helps explain situations, new and old, development the use of varied kinds of optical shorthand.
o Visual conception Capture - It may also be carefully as a means of recording optical data. After the Renaissance (14th-17th centuries), French artists like Courbet (1819-77) and Cezanne (1839-1906) showcased more realty based subjects, such as the use of linear perspective and Realism, Through oil painting.
o Parameter of attractiveness - Art as a representative of attractiveness is a challenged conception in the modern era. With the community becoming more advanced and democratic, the world has broadened its horizons of beauty. Dipped so much in subjectivity for the quotient, any specific parameter cannot be set vis-à-vis art.
o Narration - It is also a great means of storytelling. In the Middle Ages (5th-16th centuries), the sequences of panels were used to tell stories from scriptures or the lives of Saints.

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The Functions of the Nephron of Kidney

The Functions of the Nephron of Kidney-Aortic Valve

A nephron is the fundamental structural and functional part of the kidney. Its requisite function is to control the absorption of water and soluble substances such as sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is required and excreting the rest as urine.

Aortic Valve

A nephron gets rid of wastes from the body, controls blood volume and pressure, regulates levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulates blood pH. Its functions are very important to life and are controlled by the endocrine system by hormones like antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and parathyroid hormone.

Roughly one million nephrons are in the cortex of each kidney, and each one contains a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule which perform the functions of the nephron. The renal tubule contains the convoluted tubule and the loop of Heinle. The nephron is made up of a glomerulus and its tubule.

The nephron is component of the homeostatic mechanism of your body. This system assists control the quantity of water, salts, glucose, urea and other minerals in your body. This is where glucose ultimately is engrossed in your body. One side note, diabetics get trouble reabsorbing the glucose in their body and thus lots of it appears in the urine - thus the name "diabetic" or "sweet urine." however it's another subject.

The Loop of Henle is the element of the nephron that consists of the requisite pathway for liquid. The liquid starts at the Bowman's capsule and afterward runs by way of the proximal convoluted tubule. It is here that sodium, water, amino acids, and glucose get reabsorbed.

The filtrate after that flows down the sliding limb and afterward back up. On the way it passes a major bend named the Loop Of Henle. This is settled in the medulla of the kidney. Because it comes up to the top again, hydrogen ions (waste) run into the tube and down the collecting duct.
Accordingly fundamentally, nutrients flow in straight through the left and exit straight through the right. Along the way, salts, carbohydrates, and water pass straight through and are reabsorbed.

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Minimally Invasive Total Knee replacement

There is a move over all branches of surgery to achieve operations through small incisions, so-called "minimally invasive surgery". The aim is less pain, less time in hospital and quicker rehabilitation. In knee replacement the drive for this has come from the Usa, where in a shop driven healthcare economy, patients gravitate towards surgeons with progressive and therefore "better" techniques.

Manufacturers of knee replacement components have realised that they can shop directly to patients by using the internet. A visit to the websites of Zimmer or Biomet illustrates the point. Both have leading "patient information" areas which extol the virtues of minimally invasive knee replacement. They are very effectively exploiting one of the basic principles of marketing. Generate a inquire and then fulfill it. There is essential confusion as to exactly what is meant by "minimally invasive". This may be partly intentional for reasons I will interpret later.

As you are probably aware arthritis of the knee can be treated by replacing whether personel bearings of the knee (medial, lateral or patellofemoral) or by total knee replacement. Which is done depends to an extent on the degree of damage to the joint, but there is more to it than that. In the Usa it has been former to replace the whole knee, on the principle that nothing less will do.

This means that very many patients are given total replacements when partial ones would do.

In my institution in the Uk for example 50% of replacements have been partial. In America roughly all patients still receive total replacement. The theorize for development the disagreement between total and partial replacement is that it is uncomplicated to implant small components through small incisions, but implanting the larger components of a total knee through a small hole is very tricky and time-consuming.

Now there is a small group of American surgeons who have made it their mission to push the boundaries of the big component/tiny incision concept. And very well rewarded financially for doing so, I should add. Their clinical sense has been small and the follow-up short, although you wouldn't think this if you type "minimally invasive knee replacement" into "Google". It is as yet unproven that patients go home earlier, get best movements or have literal, surgery. Many other surgeons have tried this coming and find it too difficult. Hence the confusion of the definition.

Implant manufacturers have introduced "mini" or "reduced" incision surgery, and these too have been loosely termed minimally invasive (which has been used by surgeons to fee a price premium), so anyone can claim to do it if they make their incision a bit smaller. These mini incisions are exiguous distinct from that used by the majority of knee surgeons, especially if the inpatient is thin!

The shop for partial knee replacement is dominated by just one company Biomet, the remaining manufacturers therefore have to make the case for using a total replacement in as many patients as possible, hence the thought of " minimally invasive replacement". If the incision is small, then logic decrees that it is a small operation.

The principle here should be to do the literal, doing for every patient. The size of the incision should be large adequate to achieve surgery safely and accurately. This does not mean development an incision a yard long for every patient. As many patients as inherent should undergo partial knee replacement through truly minimally invasive incisions. The remainder of severely damaged knees may need a wider exposure.

Cramming large pieces of metal through tiny holes seems to me to be a triumph of technique over reason. Admittedly in many of the illustrations I have seen of the minimally invasive technique published in the American literature, the damage to the knee hardly justifies partial, let alone total replacement. There are major issues about accuracy of implantation of the components, as foresight is so limited. It has been estimated that up to 25% of components are badly aligned. Components that are poorly aligned may give rise to early failure of the knee replacement.

So in a nutshell if you are considering a knee replacement and the topic of minimally invasive surgery comes up, find out what exactly your surgeon means by this. Ask what proportion of your surgeon's patients have partial replacement, as this can be done safely and accurately through small incisions and the clinical results are ordinarily classic to total knee replacement with just as good long-term results.

As ever in orthopaedics, seldom are things what they seem. Produce of joint replacements is a worldwide multi-billion dollar industry, subject to the same competing drive as any other.

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Details About Aortic Valve change surgical operation

The number of population suffering from heart diseases is on the rise today. This is in general due to the sedentary lifestyle of population and because of bad eating habits. Symptoms like chest pain, dizziness, and shortness of breath are an indication of this disease affecting you. This is a type of heart disease and may want an aortic valve exchange surgery. This surgery is an open heart surgery, and is performed by cardiothoracic surgeons.

There are two types of conditions which want an aortic valve exchange surgery. The narrowing health is described as the Stenosis. Whereas the health in which it becomes leaky is known as Regurgitation.

This health affects the young as well as the old. This heart disease is an abnormality which could have occurred while birth, or it can appear as you age. Bicuspid is a coarse congenital condition. It is gift in around 1% to 2% of the population. This health causes it to come to be diseased which progresses as you age and is known as Senile Aortic Calcification. This is due to increased amounts of calcium being deposited. This could succeed in either the Stenosis or Regurgitation.

Shortness of breath while less strenuous activities is another coarse sign which indicates this disease. The succeed of this heart disease is that your heart if forced to work harder. This could succeed in the patient experiencing chest pain which is quite similar to symptoms of a person suffering a heart attack. Getting dizzy or experiencing fainting spells or being light headed are other symptoms which could mean that you want having an aortic valve exchange surgery.

The decision to feel this surgery is based on the symptoms that you are suffering from and the outcome of a number of test results like an echocardiogram or a cardiac catheterization are some of the tests that you may have to go feel to check either you have this disease. An echocardiogram is used to show the enlargement of the heart and a cardiac catheterization provides the same data in detail showing while also helping to identify if the coronary arteries have narrowed.

When you opt for this procedure your valve is supplanted with a prosthesis which can either be a mechanical or biological. Choosing either one will supply the same benefits. While the mechanical one will remain for a longer period of time, the biological one will cause less blood clots to form. Patients who opt to have mechanical ones have to take blood thinners or anticoagulants. The recovery period normally lasts for a week where the patient may spend up to 1 or 3 days in the arduous Care Unit (Icu).

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Types of Congenital Heart Defects

In order to fully appreciate how congenital heart defects can impair the muscle's potential to accomplish its job, it is worth reviewing how the heart normally functions. There are four chambers - two upper chambers (atria) and two lower chambers (ventricles). The left and right sides have exact tasks. The right side sends oxygen-poor blood into the lungs to be oxygenated. That blood, rich with oxygen, returns straight through the left side before being sent into the aorta and throughout your body.

There are four valves that control the flow of blood in the middle of the atria and ventricles, and outward from the ventricles. The right atria and ventricle are separated by a tricuspid valve. The left atria and ventricle are separated by a mitral valve. A pulmonary valve allows blood to flow from the right ventricle into the lungs (first passing straight through the pulmonary artery). An aortic valve allows blood to flow from the left ventricle to the rest of your body (after going into the aorta).

With this brief summary of the muscle's normal function in mind, here are the most coarse congenital heart defects:

Holes In The Muscle

The left and right sides of your heart are separated by a wall called the septum. This wall prevents blood from the left and right atria, and the left and right ventricles from mixing. Some children are born with a hole in this wall. If the hole appears in the middle of the atria, it is called an atrial septal defect. If the hole appears in the middle of the ventricles, it is called a ventricular septal defect. Because these holes allow blood in the middle of the atria and ventricles to mix, it prevents the heart from pumping efficiently.

Valvular Problems

Defects can also impact the valves. Each valve has flaps, or leaflets. If the flaps stiffen, the valve may not be able to open properly. That means less blood can get straight through the opportunity and the heart must work harder. This health is known as stenosis. If the flaps prevent the valve from windup properly, blood can leak straight through the opening. This health is known as regurgitation. In some cases, a valve develops poorly and does not allow blood to pass straight through at all. This is known as atresia, a serious health that can lead to heart disease.

Complex Defects

Complex defects are normally comprised of combinations of simpler defects. The most coarse is known as tetralogy of Fallot. It involves stenosis of the pulmonary valve, a ventricular septal defect, a poorly-positioned aorta, and a thickening of the right ventricular muscle. This type of flaw can only be resolved straight through surgery. In most cases, it requires a surgeon to open the chest in order to way the heart, but minimally invasive techniques may come to be more extensive in the near future.

Severe congenital heart defects are normally identified during pregnancy or within weeks after childbirth. If the problems are less severe, they may not be diagnosed for years. If your child is diagnosed with holes in his or her septum, valvular problems, or involved defects, consult your doctor for guidance.

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Hormone exchange Therapy For Men Over 40

Men can suffer from a health called andropause a health similar to woman's menopause; any way it can be cured using the Hormone Replacement Therapy. In this health what happens is the hormones in men like the testosterone, thyroid and adrenal hormones start declining. There are many reasons for this. Some of them could be Aids, drinking too much alcohol, infection in the testicles, chemotherapy that a man maybe undergoing besides others. It is said that these symptoms create between the ages of late twenties and early thirties. any way other age groups may also be affected.

The symptoms that signify the onset of andropause are decrease in thinking alertness; lack of interest in sexual activity, tiredness and low energy levels, growth in weight, mood swings, sleeping disorders etc. If you expect that you may suffer from andropause in the future you can start taking synthetic hormones on your physician's recommendation. Please do not go in for self medication as you end up doing more harm than good. Also taking synthetic hormones may cause many side effects. The side effects of synthetic hormone replacement law include blood pressure, a number of heart problems, jaundice, reduction in good cholesterol in your body, jaundice etc. Hence it is not a good idea to effect this kind of hormone replacement. any way a new kind of therapy has been developed. It is called the natural hormone replacement therapy.

In this kind of therapy, the hormones that are a man's body requires are extracted from plants. These hormones are quite similar to the natural hormones that your body may yield hence they are termed as bio-identical hormones. The best part is that it has virtually no side effects as they are naturally produced. Now in order to go for the Natural Hormone Replacement Therapy, the inpatient is required to get a hormone diagnosis done. In these tests a sample of the blood or saliva is taken and after conducting a number of tests it is carefully which hormone is lacking in the man's body. After the hormone which is found in lower levels in the body is determined, the doctor will check your height and weight, your daily diet, stress levels of your body, your metabolism etc. Using this as a guideline, he will some up with the ideal agenda for hormone replacement therapy.

He will then prescription the required prescription which would literally be available with the pharmacy. Then your therapy starts. It is literally considerable for you to take your tablets on time and in spoton doses. It should neither be too high nor too low as both of them will be prove to be harmful to you and your body. The medicines should be taken for the time duration the doctor prescribes. After you have completed the prescribed duration you would have to visit the doctor again and get the tests done again.

This recipe to cure Andropause is safe and there is no cause for concern. So if you are suffering from this qoute go and visit your doctor.

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transfer Basketball Backboards For Lifetime Basketball Systems

What do you need to know when purchasing replacement Lifetime Basketball Backboards?

The first point to all the time consider is that you must all the time match manufacturer with manufacturer. This means if you have a Lifetime Products basketball system, you will need a Lifetime basketball backboard. If you have a Huffy / Spalding basketball systems, you will need a Huffy / Spalding backboard. The conjecture for this is the mounting brackets that attach the backboard to whatever buildings you are wanting are exact to the manufacturer. That means Lifetime mounting brackets are not compatible with Spalding backboards and vice versa.

The second point to consider what size of system you can get. In general, it is roughly all the time safe to replace the same size backboard with the same size backboard. This is true because once again, the mounting brackets should remain the same as long as the manufacturer is the same. This is precisely true of Lifetime Products. Where it gets tricky is with Spalding basketball backboards. With Spalding, backboards smaller than 48" are roughly all the time compatible with each other; but, backboards larger than this may or may not work with the same mounting brackets. To be certain, you should all the time caress a sales representative or the manufacturer to be clear you are getting the right backboard.

The third point to consider is the age of your current system. Manufacturers typically do not like to turn their specifications much because they would be hurting their own sales for replacement parts. However, as time goes on, more and more new and good designs are created, which causes some older parts to come to be obsolete. You are generally safe with your current system if it is less than 8 years old. However, to be clear you should once again caress someone who has knowledge of your current hardware to be sure you are purchasing the permissible models.

The last point to consider is if you have parts that are obsolete, do not despair. In most cases it is very cheap to replace your obsolete parts, such as the mounting bracket. For instance, the Lifetime 9594 mounting bracket typically sells for under . The adjustable 1044 bracket sells for under . Both of these systems can mount to a 3.5" diameter round pole and to wall. The 9594 can also mount to a roof top. Where this does get tricky, again, is with Spalding. Spalding has a series of brackets and poles they sell to mount their basketball backboards. Rather than go into an extended description of the varied parts they have available, you need only concern yourself with a incorporate of things, and then leave the rest to your sales representative. Spalding brackets will only mount to a 3.5" diameter round pole, a 4" quadrate pole, or a wall. They also have 1 bracket that will mount to a roof top. If you have any other setup than these options, you likely will not be able to use any of the available options. If you do not know what pole system you have, do not fret since most every consumer line basketball system features a 3.5" round diameter pole or a 4" quadrate pole.

Have fun shopping!

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Bathtub Resurfacing - Doing It Yourself

Bathtubs are one of the most used parts of the house. Because of this, bathtubs may look old after long years of using it and you may need to replace it for a better seeing one and one with a color that can match the paint in your bathroom. However, purchasing a new bathtub and getting it installed in your home can prove to be very costly. For a more cost productive solution, you can think resurfacing your bathtub yourself instead of purchasing a new one. By resurfacing it, you will be able to save hundreds of dollars for a bathtub.

Resurfacing a bathtub is quite easy to do. With patience and a few preparations, you will be able to make your old bath tub seeing like new. So, here are the easy preparations and step-by-step process that you have to remember when you are going to resurface a bathroom tub.

The first thing you have to think is that you will be working with different kinds of chemicals. The chemicals complicated in bathroom tub resurfacing can be harmful to you. So, it is foremost to remember that you have to protect yourself in order for you to avoid any serious injuries. It is foremost that you should work in a well-ventilated are as the fumes that some of these chemicals emit are toxic and can be harmful if inhaled. The chemicals and the fumes it emits can also be harmful to the eyes and skin. Because of this, it is also foremost that you should wear protective clothing that covers every part of your body and also wear protective goggles to protect your eyes.

Okay, so now you are fully protected from head to toe. Sure, you may look ridiculous, but you're safe! Lets start the next step.

Give your tub a good cleaning by removing loose caulking as well as the gaskets. Usually, the bath tub refinishing kit that you purchased will have some chemicals that you will need to effectively resurface your bathroom tub.

The first two chemicals will act as a cleaning clarification that can effectively remove any oils and soaps from the covering of the bathroom tub. These chemicals will get ready the bath tubfor the primer. You will be required to fully scrub the bathroom tubsurface with sandpaper (220 to 240 grit). After you scrubbed the bath tub, the next step is to rinse away the residue with water. After rinsing, you need to get the bathroom tub to fully dry to get ready it for the second cleaning solution.

The next chemical is still a cleaning clarification that will be able to remove any oil and soap residue. After applying and scrubbing the bath tub, you will again rinse it fully with water and dry it with an old towel or paper towels.

After this, you will now apply the next solution, which is that primer reducer. This single clarification will get ready the bath tub for applying the primer. To apply the primer reducer, you will need to thought about apply it using paper towels. You will see that there will be damages to the bathroom tub and will be quite confident after applying the primer reducer. You have to heal the tub covering as well as the drain area. To do this, you can apply some putty. It is foremost to let the putty dry for about 30 to 45 minutes. The repaired areas will regularly have rough areas. To fix this, you should use fine sandpaper. After repairing and smoothing out the bath tubsurface, the next step is to apply the primer reducer again.

The next step is by applying paper and tape to the areas that you don't need to refinish or resurface. This will protect these areas from getting damaged by the chemicals that you need to use for resurfacing.

Now you are ready to apply the base coat. A handy tip is to use a respirator to protect your lungs from the fumes of the base coat. The fumes that are emitted are toxic, so be safe. Following the manufacturer's instructions to mix the primers components exactly as directed, use a spray gun to apply an even finish.

After 30 minutes has passed, you're ready for the top coat! You should also use a spray gun to properly apply this layer with even strokes to give it a great finishing look.

As you can see, bathtub resurfacing can be quite simple. It is a cost productive clarification than purchasing a new bathtub. By resurfacing your bathtub, you will be able to have a brand new seeing bathtub at a very affordable cost.

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What Causes Pain between Shoulder Blades?

The shoulder blade, otherwise known as the scapula is the bone buildings in the upper back part of the body connecting the arm to the thorax (chest wall). The shoulder blade also forms part of the socket, which connects the upper arm to the socket. It is surrounded by muscles and tissues which upholstery the bone buildings allowing the shoulders to move smoothly. Thus, the shoulder blade is largely involved in the different movements of the human arms. Like any other parts of the body however, the shoulder blade may suffer swelling and inflammation, which lead to what is generally referred to as shoulder blade pain.

However, pain in the middle of shoulder blades may be caused by a number of factors. The pain may be sourced from inflammation of the tissues or tendons surrounding the scapula or the shoulder blade. Muscles surrounding the shoulder blade may have been torn or strained due to some strenuous activities. The same case may also apply as regards the tendons and ligaments in the scapula region. Joint dislocations may also lead to shoulder blade pain as a ensue of a strong trauma after an accident or during a play of a sport. Shoulder blade pain may also involve infection or bone tumor in the region of the scapula; but cases of this type are very infrequent.

Although pain in the middle of shoulder blades may signal that there is something wrong with the tissues, joints, ligaments or muscles colse to and within the shoulder region, it is not any way all the time the case. Not all types of pain in the middle of shoulder blades are indicative of infection, inflammation, or problems within the scapula region. Pain in the middle of the shoulder blades may be an indicator of a disease other than that which is directly connected to infection in the scapula; such pain may be a signal warning from one of the organs of the body. This type of pain is thought about as "referred pain".

Shoulder blade pain may signal any pain from someone else part of the body the severity of which may range from mild to severe. Thus, the pain may be a referred pain from the lower part of the neck, or from the lower part of the back. This may be caused by too much stress or too much time spent in front of the computer. This may also indicate a posture problem. If the person has a bad posture, the spine may be affected and therefore it refers the stress and pressure to the shoulder blade area.

On the other hand, pain in the middle of shoulder blades may indicate severe curative problems or conditions in the other organs of the body. It may mean an impending heart attack; it has been documented that prior to a heart attack, most are experiencing pain in the middle of their shoulder blades. Gallbladder disease may also manifest in the form of pain in the middle of shoulder blades. This may frequently be accompanied by vomiting. It may also be caused by liver cancer and esophageal cancer or cancer in the esophagus due to an abnormal increase of cells and tumors in a person's esophagus.

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Knee exchange resumption - The Partial Mini Squat

There are a multitude of exercises that are done after you have had a knee replaced. The order in which you receive them will depend on a amount of dissimilar issues however, one exercise that you will want to improve to will be the partial mini squat.

This is a full weight bearing exercise where you find a stable surface like your kitchen counter for instance. You naturally hold onto the counter with both hands then moderately lower yourself down unto you get to approximately a 45-55-degree angle. You then hold that position for a slow count of five then, return back to a full standing position. Avoid hyperextending your knee when you come up. If you return to the beginning position moderately you should prevent this.

You can start this exercise using 10-12 reps and, moderately build up to 20 to 25 reps. What I have found working with older adults while doing this exercise is that the movement is felt more in the calf muscle then in the thighs. The infer for this is lack of ankle mobility. As we age like all joints unless they are exercised and stretched they tend to compact and the range of motion is reduced.

To get the full effects of the mini squat to stimulate the quadriceps, naturally elevate the heels. This then takes the ankle and calf component out. You can either use a telephone book for instance or a block of wood like a piece of 2x4. Anything that will not slide and, elevate the heels will do the trick. The elevation though should not be anymore then two to four inches. Elevate your heels then you will feel a big discrepancy as the emphasis is now on the thighs and less on the calf.

This exercise builds power in the thigh muscles and helps with your static standing balance. As your legs get stronger with this exercise you then find you will moderately change from a walker to a singular point cane.

All restoration protocols join this exercise somewhere in it. The timing may depend on the restoration expert or orthopedic surgeons protocol. Make sure though this is an exercise that gets introduced to you for a flourishing restoration outcome.

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Eye and Heart Diseases coarse In Golden Retrievers

Like all pets, Golden Retrievers too are prone to diseases such as those of the heart and eye. Though Golden Retrievers are by and large a very wholesome breed, there are some common health issues that sway them. There are many diseases that can afflict the eyes and heart of the Golden Retriever. Nature-wise diseases contracted vary from hereditary/congenital, acquired through injury or environmentally induced.

Heart Diseases in Golden Retrievers

This breed can perhaps be afflicted with Sas, which is restriction of the Aorta, the symptoms of which consist of having an enlarged heart enlargement and restricted blood flow. The younger ones have statistically proved more vulnerable to this dreaded malady that often ends in the pet dying prematurely. In severe cases of the ailment, the victim can get severely debilitated and it is possible that they can ultimately and consequently even die from this disease. This malady is opinion of by cardiologists as being solely genetically transmitted. Apart from this, there are other minor issues that can crop up with regard to the heart. Thus, it is all the time better to ensure that both parents did not suffer from any heart disease as far as possible. an additional one heart problem seen in Golden Retrievers is Cardiomyopathy, which is essentially a disease of the muscles in the dog's heart whether making them too thin or too thick.

Eye Diseases in Golden Retrievers

The common eye disorders which the Golden retriever may perhaps suffer from are bilateral, juvenile-onset cataracts and abnormalities of the eyelids / eyelashes. Cataracts mostly appear quite small and virtually have no fatally debilitating effect. Aside from this, the breed may ageement abnormalities such as inward rolling of the eyelid and extra eyelashes on the inside of the eyelid. Please note that cataracts are not things to be taken lightly, and will wish immediate attention to be discussed with your vet as soon as possible. Other eye disorders the Golden Retriever may perhaps ageement are progressive retinal atrophy and retinal dysplasia. There is also a wide assortment of genetic or congenital infirmities in this breed to presume with. In severe cases, this may deteriorate to permanent blindness. Cataracts among the younger lot are mostly congenital.

Restricted blood contribute to the eye are mostly found among the young. This is clinically alluded to as Collie Eye Anomaly. an additional one ordinarily occurring eye disease is Entropion, which is an inversion of the eyelids. Progressive Retinal atrophy or Pra is a degenerative condition, which causes night blindness and inability to see in low light conditions. Sadly, it finally stops the dog from being able to see in broad daylight as well. The incidence of this disease is common mostly among the young, but can sway adults as well. Glaucoma, which is caused by the imbalance of air pressure in the eyes often afflicts this breed. This is rare, but instances have been known to happen. In this case, there is no cure, but medication can operate the onset of the disease if caught early.

Make sure you get a dog free of previous curative history of most or all of the diseases and health problems given here to save yourself from problems and heartache later.

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Percussion and Palpation - Major Abdominal test Skills

The sequence of examining the abdomen changes according to the age and cooperativeness of the child. Frequently all four types of assessments (inspection, auscultation, percussion and palpation) are performed at dissimilar times. For example, the curative practitioner may auscultate for bowel sounds following estimate of heart and lung sounds at the beginning of the examination when the child is quiet. Percussion commonly follows lung percussion, and palpation may be done toward the end of the examination when the child is relaxed and more trusting of the curative practitional.

For descriptive purposes the abdominal cavity is divided into four compartments or quadrants by drawing a vertical line midway from the sternum to the pubic symphysis and a horizontal line over the abdomen through the umbilicus. This recipe of division unmistakably includes the pelvic cavity. Each section is designated as follows: Right upper quadrant (Ruq), Right lower quadrant (Rlq), Left upper quadrant (Luq), Left lower quadrant (Llq).

Percussion
Percussion of the abdomen is performed in the same manner as percussion of the lungs and heart. Normally, deadness or flatness is heard on the right side at the lower costal margin because of the location of the Liver. Tympany is typically heard over the stomach on the left side and commonly in the rest of the abdomen. An unusually tympanitic sound, like the beating of a tight drum, commonly breathing. However, it can also denote a pathoilogic condition such as low intestinal obstruction or paralytic ileus. Lac of tympany may occur commonly when the stomach is full after a meal, but in other situations it may denote the presence of fluid or solid masses.

Palpation
Two types of palpation are performed, superficial and deep. In superficial palpation a physician lightly places the hand against the skin and feels each quadrant, noting any areas of tenderness, muscle tone, and superficial lesions, such as cysts. Superficial palpation is often perceived as "tickling" by the child. Which can interfere with its effectiveness, The nurse can avoid this qoute by having the child "help" with the palpation by placing him with statements such as, "I am trying to feel what you had for lunch". Admonishing the child to stop laughing only draws concentration to the sensation and decreases cooperation. Positioning the child in supinated position with the legs flexed at the hips and knees helps relax the abdominal muscles.

Tenderness everywhere in the abdomen while superficial palpation is always noted. There are two types of abdominal pain:
1. Visceral, which arises from the viscera or internal organs such as the intestines, and
2. Somatic, which arises from the walls or linings of the abdominal cavity such as the peritoneum.

Visceral pain is commonly dull, poorly localized, and difficult for the sick person to describe. Somatic pain is generally sharp, well localized and more unmistakably described. When assessing abdominal pain, it is leading to remember that the child will often write back with an "all-or-none" reaction- whether there is no pain or great pain. Therefore all aspects of the examination must be carefully carefully when ruling out conditions such as appendicitis.

A extra phenomenon called rebound tenderness, or Blumberg's sign, may be performed if the child complains of abdominal pain. It is performed by pressing firmly over the part of the abdomen distal to the area of tenderness. When the pressure is suddenly released, the child feels pain in the former area of tenderness. This response is only found when the peritoneum overlying a diseased visceral or organ is inflamed, such as in appendicitis.

Deep palpation is used for palpating organs and large blood vessels and for detecting masses and tenderness that were not discovered while superficial palpation. If the child complains of abdominal pain, the area of the abdomen is palpated last. Normally, palpation of the mid-epigastrium causes pain as pressure is exerted over the aorta, but this should not be confused with visceral or somatic tenderness.

The physician palpates the abdominal organs by pressing them with a free hand, which is placed on the child's back. Palpation begins in the lower quadrants and proceeds upwards. In this way, the edge of an enlarged liver or spleen is not missed. Except for palpating the liver, prosperous identification of other organs, such as the spleen, kidney, and part of the colon, requires essential custom with tutored supervision.

The lower edge of the liver is sometimes palpable in infants and young children as a superficial mass 1 to 2cm (1/2 to inch) below the right costal margin (the distance is sometimes measured in fingerbreadths). If the liver is palpable 3cm (1/4 inches) or 2 fingerbreadths below the costal margin, It is carefully enlarged and this finding is referred to a physician. commonly the liver descends while inspiration as the diaphragm moves downward. This downward displacement should not be mistaken for a sign of hepatomegaly. In older children the liver Frequently is not palpable, although its lower edge can be estimated by percussing deadness at the costal margin.

The spleen is palpated by feeling it between the hand placed against the back and the one palpating the left upper quadrant. The spleen is much smaller than the liver and positioned behind the fundus of the stomach. The tip of the spleen is commonly felt while inspiration as it descends within the abdominal cavity. It is sometimes palpable 1 to 2 cm below the left costal margin in infants and young children. A spleen that is facilely palpated more than 2cm below the right costal margin is enlarged and is always reported for added curative investigation.

Other anatomical structures that are sometimes palpable in children comprise the cecum, and sigmoid colon. The cecum is a soft, gas-filled mass in the right lower quadran. The sigmoid colon is left as a sausage-shaped mass that is freely movable over the pelvic brim in the left lower quadrant and is commonly tender.

Although most of these structures are not routinely felt, one should be aware of their relative location and characteristics in order not to mistake them for abnormal masses. The most coarse palpable lower quadrant because with constipation the left colon fills with stool and gas until the ileocecal valve is reached. The the cecum becomes distended, causing pain, which may be erroneously linked with appendicitis.

Special methods of investigation
Laboratory examination
1. Routine blood examination
2. Urine tests (bile pigments, ketonuria)
3. Biochemical determination (bilirubin total, unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin, protein, cholesterol, AlAt, AsAt, amylase, trypsin and lipase)
4. Biochemical determination of Urine for diastase.

Disorders
1. Syndrome of cholistasis increased level of total and conjugated bilirubin and cholesterol).
2. Syndrome of cytolysis (increased level of AsAt, AlAt, Ldg)
3. Syndrome of dysfunction of pancreas (increased level of amylase, trypsin, lipase)
4. Chain polymerizes reaction for virus of hepatitis A, B, C
5. examination of feces for intestinal parasites (ascarides, lamblia cysts, enterobiosis)
6. Copogram
• Indigested muscular fibers
• Steatorrhea
• Lientery
• Bacteria in the feces

Instrumental methods of examination
1. Esophagogastroduodenoscpy
2. Ultrasound investigation
3. Intragastric pH-metry
4. Colonoscopy
5. Procto(sigmoido)scopy
6. Artificial variation study of gastrointestinal system
7. Laparoscopy
8. Irrigoscopy and irrigography

Normal laboratory values of biochemical determination of blood
Glucose 3.33-5.55 mmol/L
Bilirubin total 8.5-2.0 mcmol/L
Unconjugated 2/3 of total
Conjugated 1/3 of total
Protein total 60.0-80.0g/L
Alt 0.1-0.75 mcmol/g/L
Ast 0.1-0.45 mcmol/g/L
Amylase 16-32 dye units/L

A amount of gastrointestinal disorders are caused by disturbances in motor function. Some such as Hirschsprung's disease, furnish typical signs of obstruction and are alternately classified as obstructive disorders.

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Art education Schools relate - Can You Draw This?

Some years back when I was teaching engineering at Iowa State University, I sent for that little test that can get you into the Art study Schools. I passed the test but never heard from the School again which was just up I-35 north of me.

A incorporate of years ago, I took the test again. I passed again. Nothing happened. I looked on the Internet and called the school. The school sent me some information but gave me no way to sign up for the course. Then one day I got a call from a gentleman who lives in Tooele, Utah. He said that he was advent up to see me and to start drawing so that he could see what I could do. A week later he showed up in his beat-up old car, told me that he covered most of the western states, and asked if I could afford the course.

Getting those formalities out of the way, he looked at my drawings. I asked, "Do you think I can learn to draw."

He looked at my scenery paintings on the walls of my home. Finally he said, "Yes, you can learn to draw."

I wrote him a check for the three-year procedure even though he advised me to pay by the month, gave me a few hints on drawing, and took off to interview a teenager up the rode who he suspected would not be able to buy the course.

I have now completed the procedure except for the final exam which I have not yet received. Here are my impressions:

1. The cost is very reasonable for what you receive, but it cost approximately ,000.00. However, you can pay by the month if that is a factor.

2. Each chapter comes in a separate book. You get one book at a time except the first time when you get the first two lessons. I found that I occasionally had to wait for a chapter to be returned a bit longer than I wanted to wait. However, approximately all lessons have been returned within 30 days. There were some longer delays because of the artist being on maternity leave, including one of my mail instructors. The staff had quite a baby boom this spring. I asked to have lessons sent in develop so that I could stop the procedure within 18 months rather than three years. I got my final lessons in one big bunch. This is not a good idea-it is best to see your grade and comment from the previous chapter before you start a new lesson- but I'm an old man with a pig's aortic valve and time is high-priced to me.

3. Each chapter is very comprehensive. You will see examples from great artist, from other students, and from the Art study Schools instructors. Each technique is clearly and professionally explained. There are exercises in each chapter that need to be completed. Finally you do your assignment and send it in for grading.

4. What amazed me was that every chapter you completed by submitting the final drawing or drawings was not only evaluated but also drawn by the grading instructor. This is very important because you are not criticized but shown how things should be done. The teacher draws your drawing and puts an overlay on top of your drawing with helpful comments on the overlay to help you specialist the field at hand. In all cases, my work looked like crap along side that of the instructors.

5. I didn't call into talk to an teacher until I was well into the procedure even though I was advised to do so in every lesson. That was a missed opportunity. When I did call in, I realized what a wealth of knowledge the Art study Schools instructors have. I was never brushed off by an busy instructor. I was all the time given as much time as I needed and then some. The instructors are talented artist and great teachers.

6. I met only one student while I took the course. He is an American Indian that lives not too far from me on the Blackfoot Indian Reservation. He is a very talented artist and I couldn't see why he was taking the course. He told me the one thing that he had learned from the procedure (he is behind me) was patience. I have to agree on that. Art takes time and you have to give your brain a break to do it right. The school all the time says not to rush your work. For me, that is tough. I bought an ink drawing from the young man. He wanted .00 and I offered him .00. He took it because he had a date that night. I guess I had just come from a yard sale and was still in the bartering mode. I have decided that I owe him that .00 because I enjoy the drawing very much. I'll get it to him the next time I pass by that way.

7. My drawing does not correlate with the instructors but I have been able to enounce a "B" midpoint over the course. For that, I received a extra certificate for each chapter segment noting that I had done above midpoint work. I received only a incorporate of "C" grades and "A" grades.

8. The most attractive lessons to me were using color. I now just blend the three former colors for my landscapes, seldom finding for a particular color in a tube. Learning to use ink washes and color was attractive to me. However, the emphasis on the procedure was drawing. If you can specialist drawing, you will be a much best painter, not only from the accuracy of the drawings but by finding tones, light and shadow, and textures.

9. I learned as I went along that I had not mastered the earlier lessons as well as I should have. I was continually going back to see what I had done versus what the teacher had done versus what the lessons said to do. Like always, I was too much in a hurry. I'm goal driven. I pick up a chapter book and say, "I've got to get this baby in there." That is the wrong approach. Take the three years.

10. Some of the many skills taught in the procedure are composition, design, lettering, etc. The business was started in 1914 to train artists for the United States Mint. When I was required to build a stamp and received the instructors version of my stamp, I could see that the school's history is still evident. I was proud of my stamp and my wife liked it too, so did my artist daughter-in-law (who is very polite). But the instructors stamp using my build was stupendous.

The school has about 5000 students, so I have been told. They are selective as to who they enroll as students with being able to pay for the procedure a prime factor, but if you don't have the potential to learn to draw in the mind of the gentleman in the old car, you will not be accepted.

Did I get out of the procedure what I wanted? What I wanted was to improve my landscapes. However, I have only done a few landscapes since I enrolled in the course. But I know that my landscapes will be much best after the course. There are no other courses available. If they did offer a exact procedure on scenery painting, I would take it.

There are celebrated graduates of the School. Charles Schultz of Snoopy fame was a graduate and also an teacher at the School. Why yes, there was a chapter on cartooning and I just loved it. You could see one of my cartoons but I am not allowed to tell you how to find it on the Internet. That would be self-aggrandizement.

The basic art procedure at Art study Schools is a humdinger!

Fly Old Glory!

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Do You Know How To part A Chain Saw Blade And Chain?

Is your chainsaw starting to seem dull and not achieve as well? Looks like it's time to replace the chain. In order to do this, you will need to know the distance of both the chainsaw blade as well as the distance and size of your chain. If you've checked out the manufacturers' charts, they might seem a puny overwhelming. But it genuinely is pretty simple once you understand what's complex in the distance of the blade and chainsaw chain.

When you're ready to replace your chain, the first thing to do is conclude the size of your chainsaw bar. If you happen to have an Oregon chainsaw, this should be easy. Just check the first two numbers of the ten-digit model number that is stamped on the motor end of the blade. That's your chainsaw bar length.

Don't have an Oregon chainsaw that genuinely shows you the distance of the blade? Then here are some tips for figuring it out yourself.

What's The Best Way To measure A Chain Saw Blade?

To measure the chainsaw blade itself is simple sufficient to do. Just put your measuring tape at the end of the bar up against the casing and measure right down the bar all the way to the tip of the blade.

Blade and bar are two terms that are both used to indicate the same item. This is the blade that extends from the casing of the motor and carries the chain which is what does the sawing for you.

Manufacturers were kind sufficient to standardize the chainsaw blade lengths into two-inch increments. The most base sizes are 16, 18, and 20 inches although the full range goes from 10 to 42 inches! When you measure your blade, round up to the nearest 2-inch estimation if needed.

Measuring A Chainsaw Chain

To measure the chain on your chainsaw, there are two things you will need to know ... The number of drive links and the pitch of the chain.

A drive link is naturally a tooth on the chain and your chain's distance is considered by the number of drive links (or teeth). The pitch of the chain also affects the size of the drive links.

The pitch of the chain is important to know as it must match the pitch of both the drive sprocket as well as the bar nose sprocket. This should be stamped on the drive link but if you need to measure the pitch yourself, take the distance in the middle of any 3 rivets of the chain and divide by 2.

As an example, a 1/4" pitch chain might have 52 drive links and be 2.17 feet in length, while a 3/8" pitch with 52 drive links would be 3.18 feet in length. So the pitch affects the drive link size which affects your blade's length.

Still unsure? Just check with your chain saw's manufacturer or anyone who makes chains and they will be able to clear up any obscuring you may have.

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Help, My Dog is Vomiting

Vomiting in dogs is a very base occurrence and can arise from a wide collection of causes, from simple gastritis to involved diseases of other body systems. Not only is it very distressing for both the dog and owner, it also provides a challenge for the veterinarian. This narrative explains the complicated causes of vomiting in dogs, together with adverse food reactions, and the range of medicine options available.

What is vomiting?

Vomiting is the expulsion of food, fluid or debris from the stomach or small intestine due to coordinated movements of the gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal and nervous systems. It is leading to differentiate this from regurgitation, which is a passive process rather than a coordinated exertion like vomiting.

Regurgitation is a sign of disease in the esophagus, such as obstructions (foreign bodies such as a stick, bone or toy, or a stricture), esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus) or megaesophagus (dilatation of the esophagus due to weakening of the level muscle). The main variation between regurgitation and vomiting is that regurgitation is effortless, while vomiting is accompanied by strong abdominal contractions.

How can I tell vomiting and regurgitation apart?

Sometimes this is not easy to do. Ordinarily speaking, if it happens immediately after eating it is more likely to be regurgitation (though vomiting can still occur then). If the content of the material expelled appears to be wholly undigested food, this also supports regurgitation. If the proximity of bile can be confirmed though, it is more likely to be vomiting.

Causes of vomiting

The most base causes of vomiting are dietary related, either straight through dietary indiscretion (e.g. Overeating, eating overly rich or spoiled food) which causes acute (sudden) vomiting, or adverse food reactions (food allergies) which can cause lasting (long term and intermittent) vomiting.

However, there are a huge amount of other causes arising from either the gastrointestinal principles itself (stomach and small intestine) or secondary to disease elsewhere in the body (e.g. Liver or kidney disease). Within the stomach, inherent causes include:

1. Gastritis (inflammatory disease)

2. Stomach ulceration

3. Stomach cancer

4. Obstruction (foreign bodies, telescoping of intestine)

5. Hiatal hernia (part stomach herniating straight through the diaphragm)

Possible causes within the intestine include:

1. Infectious diseases (e.g. Parvovirus)

2. Worms

3. Inflammatory bowel disease

4. Intestinal cancer

Secondary causes of vomiting that are due to disease elsewhere in the body include:

1. Pancreatitis (infection or inflammation of the pancreas)

2. Peritonitis (infection in the abdominal cavity)

3. Hepatitis (liver inflammation)

4. Kidney failure

5. Pyometra (infection of the uterus)

6. Hormonal deficiencies or excesses (e.g. Addisons disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Septicemia, Calcium imbalance)

Other inherent causes that do not fit into the above categories are drug reactions (e.g. Digoxin, chemotherapy drugs, Nsaids) and neurological disorders.

Treatment of vomiting

Vomiting is a symptom, not a disease in itself. either or not medicine is proper depends upon the individual circumstances. If the dog is only vomiting occasionally, is provocative and otherwise general on examination, medicine is probably not necessary. Some dogs with sensitive digestive systems will vomit once or twice a month regardless of any treatment, and if they are otherwise well this should be ignored.

For acute vomiting cases, the first step should always be to starve the dog for 24 hours (while holding abundance of water ready ad lib). After the duration of starvation, the dog should be offered small portions of a very bland food, such as chicken and boiled rice, for a few days. Meals should be fed as smaller portions some times a day, rather than one larger meal.

Though treating the symptom itself will often heighten patient demeanor and comfort, it is no replacement for manufacture a precise determination of the basal cause, and definite drugs can be harmful if given blindly (for example, giving metoclopromide to a dog with a gastric or intestinal obstruction). Absolutely cases of acute and severe vomiting require immediate treatment, as dogs can come to be rapidly dehydrated, produce electrolyte imbalances and aspiration pneumonia otherwise.

Managing the vomiting dog

There are 2 goals when dealing with a vomiting dog:

1. Recognize the basal cause

2. Stop the vomiting in a safe and productive manner

In many cases, anti emetic therapy (the technical term for vomiting is emesis, and therefore drugs used to treat it are called anti emetics) is instigated immediately while the cause is being established.

A veterinarian will start by taking a full history, focusing especially on general diet, up-to-date medication, vaccination status and the narrative of the symptoms. He or she must first make sure that the dog is Absolutely vomiting and not regurgitating, which has a wholly different set of basal causes. It is also leading to get a descriptive narrative of the material expelled, and either it contained bile, fresh blood or what appears to be coffee granules (partly digested blood).

The next step is a full clinical examination, together with considered feeling the abdomen, taking the dogs rectal temperature and assessing the hydration status. Once this is completed, a veterinarian will have a slightly narrowed down list of differential diagnoses in mind. If the dog is not dehydrated, provocative in demeanor, and both vital parameters and feeling the abdomen were normal, the veterinarian will often (and rightly so) make a presumptive determination of gastritis, or gastroenteritis if diarrhea is present too, and prescribe antibiotics to combat the likely bacterial infection. The owner is then likely to be sent home with instructions to starve the dog for 24hrs and give bland food for a few days, alongside the antibiotics. The owner is instructed to monitor the dog closely, and return immediately if there are any signs of deterioration, or 2 to 3 days later for a disposition check up.

If there are any findings in the clinical history or the bodily test that trigger concern, then added tests are necessary. The first of these is ordinarily blood tests for hematology and biochemistry profiles. Urine and feces may also be analysed, the latter for either nasty bacteria or parasites. added laboratory tests may be required in definite circumstances, such as bile acid stimulation testing if liver dysfunction is suspected, or an Acth stimulation test to look for adrenal disease.

The next stage of the work up involves imaging. The most beneficial is abdominal radiography (xrays), but ultrasonography and endoscopy can also be very important. Radiography and endoscopy both have to be carried out under general anesthesia, while ultrasonography can be performed conscious. If the imaging does not delineate the basal cause then biopsies may be taken, either endoscopically guided or via exploratory surgery. Histopathology of these samples (studying the tissue microscopically) can give vital clues as to the cause, particularly by differentiating between inflammation and cancer.

The final diagnostic option is the therapeutic trial. If the dog gets better on the medication prescribed, then it must have been a definite type of disease that responds to that drug. By this rationale, wormers, antibiotics or an exclusion diet trial may be chosen.

Drugs used in the medicine of vomiting

1. Stomach protectants and antacids

These medications are beneficial when stomach ulceration is suspected. Examples include sucralfate (acts like a band aid over the ulcer), H2 antagonists (reduce acid production) and omeprazole (also reduces acidity).

2. Metoclopromide

This drug blocks a neurotransmitter in the brain called dopamine, which prevents activation of the vomiting centre in the brain (known as the Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone). It is only partially productive in doing this though, and has the added effect of addition send motility of the gut. This means it must never be given to dogs that might have a stomach or intestinal obstruction. It can also cause thinking changes such as hyperactivity and disorientation.

3. Phenothiazines (e.g. Acepromazine, Acp)

These are productive at blocking the dopamine receptors mentioned above, in addition to other receptors involved in the vomiting reflex. They are ordinarily used when metoclopromide has failed, but also have undesirable side effects such as low blood pressure and sedation.

4. Antihistamines

Histamine receptors are also present in the Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone, the part of the brain that controls the vomiting reflex. Antihistamines are productive in blocking vomiting that is due to motion sickness, but are wee use against other causes.

5. Domperidone

Domperidone has a similar activity to metoclopromide in that it blocks dopamine receptors and secondarily blocks serotonin receptors, but it does not have the promotility effects of metoclopromide. However, side effects include vulval enlargement and inherent effects on fertility.

6. Maropitant

This is a new drug that is a Neurokinin 1 (Nk1) receptor antagonist. It can be given orally or by injection, and is highly productive at stopping vomiting by working both on the vomiting centre in the brain and on the stomach itself. It is deemed so productive at stopping vomiting that veterinarians must be rigorous to properly investigate potentially hazardous basal causes, that could be masked fatally by this drug.

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Heart Diseases - Causes, Symptoms, Types, stoppage & rehabilitation of Heart Diseases

Beside cancer, heart disease kills more than 2,000 Americans everyday. Roughly 60 million Americans have heart disease.

I. Causes of Heart Diseases
There are many causes of heart diseases. Most of heart diseases are caused by high blood pressure contributes to hardening of the arteries. High levels of bad cholesterol (Ldl) build up in the arteries as a result of uncontrolled diet with high levels of saturated fat and trans fat. All these add to the formation of atherosclerosis lesions and eventually arterial blockage or anything that serves to damage the inner lining of blood vessels and impedes the communication of oxygen and food to the heart can be defined as a risk of heart disease.

Ii Symptoms of Heart diseases

Here are some early indication of heart disease symptoms:

1. Leg cramps while walking
Leg cramps while exercise might be caused by dehydration. It is leading to drink a lot of fluid while exercise. Leg cramps occur when the muscle suddenly and forcefully contracts. The most coarse muscles to covenant in this manner are muscles that cross two joints. Leg cramps while walking might be an indication of heart disease caused by arteries in your leg being clogged up by cholesterol in result of not adequate oxygen being delivered to the cells in your leg.

2. Chest pain
Chest pain is caused by blood vessels in the heart temporarily being blocked up. It is also caused by inadequate oxygen provide to the heart muscle or coronary . The persistence of chest pain would be an early indication of heart diseases.

3. Shortness of breath
Shortness of breath (dyspnea) is the major indication of illness of the left ventricular insufficiency. Citizen with shortness of breath are four times more likely to die from a heart disease connected cause than individuals without any symptoms.

4. Headaches
People see sparkling zigzag lines or loss of foresight before a migraine attack may be at single risk of future cardiovascular problems. Commonly headaches do not cause heart diseases but a sudden, explosive onset of great pain might be.

5. Dizziness
Dizziness can have many causes along with low blood count, low iron in the blood stream and other blood disorders, dehydration, and viral illnesses. Since there are many separate conditions that can furnish these symptoms, any person experiencing episodes of severe headaches or dizziness ought to be checked by your doctor.

6. Palpitations
Palpitations is an very coarse indication of illness of heart disease. Palpitations are skips in the heart beats and irregular heart beats.

7. Loss of consciousness
It is a coarse symptom, most Citizen pass out at least once in their lives. However, sometimes loss of consciousness indicates a hazardous or even life-threatening condition such as heart disease so when loss of consciousness occurs it is leading to outline out the cause.

There are many more symptoms such as fatigue, memory defects, and changes in skin tone and temperature.

Iii. Types of Heart Diseases

The heart is a four chambered, hollow muscle and duplicate acting pump that is settled in the chest between the lungs. Heart diseases caused by high blood pressure contributes to hardening of the arteries. High levels of bad cholesterol (Ldl) build up in the arteries as a result of uncontrolled diet with high levels of saturated fat and trans fat. All these add to the formation of atherosclerosis lesions and eventually arterial blockage.
There are some major types of heart diseases:

1. Type of heart disease affecting heart chambers

As we mention in the former article, the heart is a four chambered hollow muscle and duplicate acting pump that is settled in the chest between the lungs. Heart diseases caused by high blood pressure contributes to hardening of the arteries. High levels of bad cholesterol (Ldl) build up in the arteries as a result of uncontrolled diet with high levels of saturated fat and trans fat. All these add to the formation of atherosclerosis lesions and eventually arterial blockage.
In this article, we will discuss heart disease affecting the heart chambers.

Heart failure is caused by the heart not pumping as much blood as it should and so the body does not get as much blood and oxygen that it needs. The malfunctioning of the heart chambers are due to damage caused by narrowed or blocked arteries leading to the muscle of your heart.

There are 4 heart chambers as follow:

* The right atrium
* The left atrium
* The right ventricle
* The left ventricle.

Heart diseases influence the heart chambers include:

A. Congestive heart failure
Heart failure is caused by the heart not pumping as much blood as it should and so the body does not get as much blood and oxygen that it needs. The malfunctioning of the heart chambers are due to damage caused by narrowed or blocked arteries leading to the muscle of your heart.

a) Diastolic dysfunction:
The contraction function is normal but there's impaired freedom of the heart, impairing its ability to fill with blood causing the blood returning to the heart to get in the lungs or veins.

b) Systolic dysfunction:
The relaxing function is normal but there's impaired contraction of the heart causing the heart to not pump out as much blood that is returned to it as it regularly does as a result of more blood remaining in the lower chambers of the heart.

B. Pulmonary heart disease
Pulmonary heart disease is caused by an enlarged right ventricle. It is known as heart disease resulting from a lung disorder where the blood flowing into the lungs is slowed or blocked causing increased lung pressure. The right side of the heart has to pump harder to push against the increased pressure and this can lead to enlargement of the right ventricle.

2. Heart Disease affecting heart muscles
In the case of heart diseases affecting heart muscles, the heart muscles are stiff, increasing the amount of pressure required to improve for blood to flow into the heart or the narrowing of the passage as a result of obstructing blood flow out of the heart.
Heart diseases affecting heart muscles include:

A. Cardiomyopathy
Heart muscle becomes inflamed and doesn't work as well as it should. There may be manifold causes such as high blood pressure, heart valve disease, artery diseases or congenital heart defects.

a) Dilated cardiomyopathy
The heart cavity is enlarged and stretched. Blood flows more slowly through an enlarged heart, causing formation of blood clots as a result of clots sticking to the inner lining of the heart, breaking off the right ventricle into the pulmonary circulation in the lung or being dislodged and carried into the body's circulation to form emboli .

b) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
The wall between the two ventricles becomes enlarged, obstructing the blood flow from the left ventricle. Sometimes the thickened wall distorts one leaflet of the mitral valve, causing it to leak. The symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy comprise shortness of breath, dizziness, fainting and angina pectoris.

c) Restrictive cardiomyopathy
The ventricles becomes excessively rigid, so it's harder for the ventricles to fill with blood between heartbeats. The symptoms of restrictive cardiomyopathy comprise shortness of breath, swollen hands and feet.

B. Myocarditis Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscles or the weaken of the heart muscles. The symptoms of myocarditis comprise fever, chest pains, congestive heart failure and palpitation.

3. Heart disease affecting heart valves

Heart diseases affecting heart valves occur when the mitral valve in the heart narrows, causing the heart to work harder to pump blood from the left atrium into the ventricle.

Here are some types of heart disease affecting heart valves:
a. Mitral Stenosis
Mitral Stenosis is a heart valve disorder that involves a narrowing or blockage of the chance of the mitral valve causing the volume and pressure of blood in the left atrium increases.

b. Mitral valves regurgitation
Mitral regurgitation is the heart disease in which your heart's mitral valve doesn't close tightly causing the blood to be unable to move through the heart efficiently. Symptoms of mitral valve regurgitation are fatigue and shortness of breath.

c. Mitral valves prolapse
In mitral valve prolapse, one or both leaflets of the valve are too large resulting in uneven closure of the valve while each heartbeat. Symptoms of mitral valves prolapse are palpitation, shortness of breath, dizzy, fatigue and chest pains.

d. Aortic Stenosis
With aging, protein collagen of the valve leaflets are destroyed and calcium is deposited on the leaflets causing scarring, thickening, and stenosis of the valve therefore increasing the wear and tear on the valve leaflets resulting in the symptoms and heart problems of aortic stenosis.

e. Aortic regurgitation
Aortic regurgitation is the leaking of the aortic valve of the heart that causes blood to flow in the reverse direction while ventricular diastole, from the aorta into the left ventricle. Symptoms of aortic regurgitation comprise fatigue or weakness, shortness of breath, chest pain, palpitation and irregular heart beats.

f. Tricuspid stenosis
Tricuspid stenosis is the narrowing of the orifice of the tricuspid valve of the heart causing increased resistance to blood flow through the valve. Symptoms of tricuspid stenosis comprise fatigue, enlarged liver, abdominal swelling, neck hurt and leg and ankle swelling.

g. Tricuspid regurgitation.
Tricuspid regurgitation is the failure of the right ventricular causing blood to leak back through the tricuspid valve from the right ventricle into the right atrium of the heart. Symptoms of tricuspid regurgitation comprise leg and ankle swelling and swelling in the abdomen.

4. Heart disease affecting coronary arteries and coronary veins

The malfunctioning of the heart may be due to damage caused by narrowed or blocked arteries leading to the muscle of your heart as well as blood backing up in the veins. Types of heart disease that influence the coronary arteries and veins include:

A. Angina pectoris
Angina pectoris occurs when the heart muscle doesn't get as much blood oxygen as it needs. Here are 3 types of angina pectoris:
a) carport angina
Stable angina is chest pain or hurt that typically occurs with performance or stress due to oxygen scantness in the blood muscles and regularly follows a predictable pattern. indication of illness of carport angina comprise chest pain, tightness, pressure, indigestion feeling and pain in the upper neck and arm.

b) Unstable angina
Unstable angina is caused by blockage of the blood flow to the heart. Without blood and the oxygen, part of the heart starts to die. Symptoms of unstable angina comprise pain spread down the left shoulder and arm to the back, jaw, neck, or right arm, hurt of chest and chest pressure.

c) Variant angina also known as coronary artery spasm
Caused by the narrowing of the coronary arteries. This is caused by the contraction of the smooth muscle tissue in the vessel walls. Symptoms of variant angina comprise increasing of heart rate, pressure and chest pain.

B. Heart attacks known as myocardial infarction or Mi
Heart attacks caused by plaque rupture with thrombus formation in a coronary vessel, resulting in an acute reduction of blood provide to a part of the myocardium. Symptoms of Mi comprise a squeezing sensation of the chest, sweating, nausea and vomiting, upper back pain and arm pain.

C. Heart disease also known as coronary artery disease or coronary heart disease
Caused by arteries hardening and narrowing, cutting off blood flow to the heart muscle and resulting in heart attack. Symptoms of heart disease comprise shortness of breath, chest pains on exertion, palpitation, dizziness and fainting.

D. Atherosclerosis or hardening of arteries
Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood to your heart and to other parts of your body. Atherosclerosis is caused by plaques that rupture in result of blood clots that block blood flow or break off and voyage to an additional one part of the body. Atherosclerosis has no indication of illness or warning sign.

E. Silent ischemia.
Ischemia is a condition in which the blood flow is restricted to a part of the body caused by narrowing of heart arteries. Silent ischemia means Citizen have ischemia without pain. There is also no warning sign before heart attack.

5. Heart disease affecting heart lining
Rheumatic heart disease results from inflammation of the heart lining when too much fluid builds up in the lungs leading to pulmonary congestion. It is due to failure of the heart to take off fluid from the lung circulation resulting in shortness of breath, coughing up blood, pale skin and immoderate sweating. Heart disease resulting from inflammation of either the endocardium or pericardium is called heart disease affecting heart lining.

Endocardium is the inner layer of the heart. It consists of epithelial tissue and connective tissue. Pericardium is the fluid filled sac that surrounds the heart and the proximal ends of the aorta, vena vava and the pulmonary artery.

a. Endocarditis
Endocarditis, which is an inflammation of the endocardium is caused by bacteria entering the bloodstream and settling on the inside of the heart, regularly on the heart valves that consists of epithelial tissue and connective tissue. It is the most coarse heart disease in Citizen who have a damaged, diseased, or artificial heart valve. Symptoms of endocarditis comprise fever, chilling, fatigue, aching joint muscles, night sweats, shortness of breath, change in climatic characteristic and a persistent cough.

b. Pericardium
Pericarditis is the inflammation of the pericardium. It is caused by infection of the pericardium which is the thin, tough bag-like membrane surrounding the heart. The pericardium also prevents the heart from over increasing when blood volume increases. Symptoms of pericarditis comprise chest pain, mild fever, weakness, fatigue, coughing, hiccups, and muscle aches.

6. Heart disease affecting electrical system
The electrical system within the heart is responsible for ensuring the heart beats correctly so that blood can be transportable to the cells throughout our body. Any malfunction of the electrical system in the heart causes a fast, slow, or irregular heartbeat. The electrical system within the heart is responsible for ensuring that the heart beats correctly so that blood can be transportable throughout our the body. Any malfunction of the electrical system in the heart malfunction can cause a fast, slow, or irregular heartbeat.

Types of heart disease that influence the electrical system are known as arrhythmias. They can cause the heart to beat too fast, too slow, or irregularly. These types of heart disease include:

a. Sinus tachycardia
Sinus tachycardia occurs when the sinus rhythm is faster than 100 beats per little therefore it increases myocardial oxygen examine and reduces coronary blood flow, thus precipitating an ischemia heart or valvular disease.

b. Sinus bradycardia
Sinus bradycardia occurs when a decrease of cardiac yield results in quarterly but unusually slow heart beat less than 60 beats per minute. Symptoms of sinus bradycardia includes a feeling of weightlessness of the head, dizziness, low blood pressure, vertigo, and syncope.

c. Atrial fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation is an irregular heart rhythm that starts in the upper parts (atria) of the heart causing irregular beating between the atria and the lower parts (ventricles) of the heart. The lower parts may beat fast and without a quarterly rhythm. Symptoms of atrial fibrillation comprise dizziness, light-headedness, shortness of breath, chest pain and irregular heart beat.

d. Atrial flutter
Atrial flutter is an abnormal heart rhythm that occurs in the atria of the heart causing abnormalities and diseases of the heart. Symptoms of atrial flutter includes shortness of breath, chest pains, anxiety and palpitation.

e. Supraventricular tachycardia
Supraventricular tachycardia is described as rapid heart rate originating above the ventricles, or lower chambers of the heart causing a rapid pulse of 140-250 beats per minute. Symptoms of supraventricular tachycardia comprise palpitations, light-headedness, and chest pains.

f. Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia is described as an occasional rapid heart rate. Symptoms can come on suddenly and may go away without treatment. They can last a few minutes or 1-2 days.

g. Ventricular tachycardia
Ventricular tachycardia is described as a fast heart rhythm that originates in one of the ventricles of the heart . This is a potentially life-threatening arrhythmia because it may lead to ventricular fibrillation and/or sudden death. Symptoms of ventricular tachycardia comprise light headedness, dizziness, fainting, shortness of breath and chest pains.

h.Ventricular fibrillation
Ventricular fibrillation is a condition in which the heart's electrical performance becomes disordered causing the heart's lower chambers to covenant in a rapid, unsynchronized way resulting in little heart pumps or no blood at all, resulting in death if left untreated after in 5 minutes.

There are many heart diseases affecting electrical system such as premature arterial contractions, wolf parkinson, etc.

7. Congenital heart disease
There are any heart diseases that Citizen are born with. Congenital heart diseases are caused by a persistence in the fetal association between arterial and venous circulation. Congenital heart diseases influence any part of the heart such as heart muscle, valves, and blood vessels. Congenital heart disease refers to a question with the heart's buildings and function due to abnormal heart improvement before birth.Every year over 30,000 babies are born with some type of congenital heart flaw in Us alone. Congenital heart disease is responsible for more deaths in the first year of life than any other birth defects. Some congenital heart diseases can be treated with medication alone, while others need one or more surgeries.

The causes of congenital heart diseases of newborns at birth may be in result from poorly controlled blood sugar levels in women having diabetes while pregnancy, some hereditary factors that play a role in congenital heart disease, immoderate intake of alcohol and side affects of some drugs while pregnancy.

Congenital heart disease is often divided into two types: cyanotic which is caused by a lack of oxygen and non-cyanotic.

A. Cyanotic
Cyanosis is a blue coloration of the skin due to a lack of oxygen generated in blood vessels near the skin surface. It occurs when the oxygen level in the arterial blood falls below 85-90%.
The below lists are the most coarse of cyanotic congenital heart diseases:
a)Tetralogy of fallot
Tetralogy of fallot is a condition of any congenital defects that occur when the heart does not make normally. It is the most coarse cynaotic heart flaw and a coarse cause of blue baby syndrome.

b)Transportation of the great vessels
Transportation of the great vessels is the most coarse cyanotic congenital heart disease. Transposition of the great vessels is a congenital heart flaw in which the 2 major vessels that carry blood away from the aorta and the pulmonary artery of the heart are switched. Symptoms of communication of the great vessels comprise blueness of the skin, shortness of breath and poor feeding.

c)Tricuspid atresia
In tricuspid atresia there is no tricuspid valve so no blood can flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle. Symptoms of tricuspid atresia comprise blue tinge to the skin and lips, shortness of breath, slow growth and poor feeding.

d)Total anomalous pulmonary venous return
Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (Tapvr) is a rare congenital heart flaw that causes cyanosis or blueness. Symptoms of total anomalous pulmonary venous return comprise poor feeding, poor growth, respiratory infections and blue skin.

e)Truncus arteriosus
Truncus arteriosus is characterized by a large ventricular septal flaw over which a large, single great vessel arises. Symptoms of truncus arteriosus comprise blue coloring of the skin, poor feeding, poor growth and shortness of breath.

B. Non-cyanotic
Non-cyanotic heart defects are more coarse because of higher survival rates.
The below lists are the most coarse of non-cyanotic congenital heart diseases:
a)Ventricular septal defect
Ventricular septal flaw is a hole in the wall between the right and left ventricles of the heart causing right and left ventricles to work harder, pumping a greater volume of blood than they regularly would in result of failure of the left ventricle. Symptoms of ventricular septal flaw comprise very fast heartbeats, sweating, poor feeding, poor weight gain and pallor.

b)Atrial septal defect
Atrial septal flaw is a hole in the wall between the two upper chambers of your heart causing freshly oxygenated blood to flow from the left upper room of the heart into the right upper room of the heart. Symptoms of atrial septal flaw comprise shortness of breath, fatigue and heart palpitations or skipped beats.

c)Coarctation of aorta
Coarctation of aorta is a narrowing of the aorta between the upper-body artery branches and the branches to the lower body causing your heart to pump harder to force blood through the narrow part of your aorta. Symptoms of coarctation of aorta comprise pale skin, shortness of breath and heavy sweating.

There are many more types of non-cyanotic such as pulmonic stenosis, patent ductus arteriorus, and atrioventricular cana. These problems may occur alone or together. Most congenital heart diseases occur as an isolated flaw and is not connected with other diseases.

8. Other Types of Heart Diseases

In this article, we will discuss other types of heart diseases that can influence any part of the heart along with the following:

*A cardiac tumor can be either malignant or benign

A) Benign tumors
a. Myxoma
Myxoma is a cardiac benign tumor. It is the most coarse tumor inside of cavities of the heart and most of them occur in the left atrium of the heart obstructing the normal flow of blood within the chambers of the heart. Symptoms of Myxoma comprise paroxysmal dyspnea, weight loss, feverhemoptysis, lightheadedness and sudden death.

b. Rhabdomyomas
Most of rhabdomyomas occur in children or infants and are connected with tuberous sclerosis. It develops in the myocardium or the endocardium and accounts for about one out of every five tumors that generate in the heart causing obstruction of blood flow, valvular insufficiency, and cardiac arrhythmias. Symptoms of rhabdomyomas comprise palpitations, chest pains, shortness of breath, and nausea.

c. Fibromas
Fibromas make in the myocardium or the endocardium. These tumors are composed of fibrous or connective tissue and tend to occur on the valves of the heart and may be connected to inflammation. Other than finding or feeling the fibroma, there are no usual symptoms.

d. Teratomas of the pericardium
It is often attached to the base of the great vessels, regularly occuring in infants. They are rarer than cysts or lipomas, regularly causes no symptoms.

B) Malignant tumors
Malignant tumors that originated elsewhere in the body and spread to the heart are more coarse than ones that generate in the heart. Malignant heart tumors can generate from any heart tissue. They occur mostly in children.

a. Angiosarcomas
Angiosarcomas list for about a third of all malignant heart tumors and regularly start on the right side of the heart. The cause of angiosarcomas is regularly unknown and symptoms of angiosarcomas differ according to the location of the tumour. Often symptoms of the disease are not apparent until the tumour is well advanced.

b. Fibrosarcomas
Fibrosarcomas occur as a soft-tissue mass or as a primary or secondary bone tumor. The 2 main types of fibrosarcoma of bone are
i) primary fibrosarcoma is a fibroblastic malignancy that produces changeable amounts of collagen
ii) Secondary fibrosarcoma of bone arises from a preexisting lesion or after radiotherapy to an area of bone or soft tissue. Symptoms of fibrosarcomas comprise broken bone, pain, swelling, lump found under skin or bone, frequent excretion and urinary obstruction.

c. Rhabdomyosarcomas
Rhabdomyosarcomas are a cancer made up of cells that regularly make into skeletal muscles of the body and are also more coarse in children. They regularly have some type of chromosome abnormality in the cells of the tumor, which are responsible for the tumor formation. Symptoms of rhabdomyosarcomas comprise bleeding from the nose, vagina, rectum, throat and tingling, numbness, and pain.

d.) Liposarcomas
Liposarcoma regularly appears as a slowly enlarging, painless, nonulcerated submucosal mass in a middle-aged person. Symptoms comprise palpation, weakness, limitation of request for retrial weight loss, fatigue, and lassitude.

*Sudden cardiac death
The victim may or may not have prognosis of heart diseases, and the death is totally unexpected. Sudden cardiac death is a result from abrupt loss of heart function. The cause of sudden cardiac dealth might be a result of coronary heart disease.

* Hypertensive heart disease
Hypertensive heart disease are caused by high blood pressure that increases the work load of the heart. Overtime the muscles of the heart come to be thick in result of an enlarged left ventricle and decreased blood pump from the heart. Symptoms of heart failure comprise shortness of breath, swelling in the feet, ankles, or abdomen, fatigue, irregular pulse, nausea and frequent excretion at night.

Iv. Heart Diseases- prevention and Treatment

Anything that serves to damage the inner lining of blood vessels and impedes the communication of oxygen and food to the heart can be defined as a risk of heart disease.
Unhealthy diet is a major cause of heart diseases resulting in the buildup of cholesterol and fat in the inner wall of arteries that narrows the arteries, impedes the circulation and eventually causes heart attacks.

1. prevention and medicine of Heart Disease with Diet

To preclude heart diseases, your daily diet should contain:
a) Fiber
Fiber can be soluble or insoluble. As we mentioned in a former article, soluble fiber can lower your Ldl and raise your Hdl cholesterol while insoluble fiber has no result on cholesterol but promotes quarterly bowel movements. The intake of fatty foods causes the liver to release bile into the intestines to break down the fat.

b) reduce intake of saturated fat and trans fat
We know that saturated and trans fat are toxins causing cholesterol to build up in the arteries damaging the arterial wall and narrows the arterial passage in result of poor circulation and oxygen communication to our body in result of high blood pressure as the heart has to work harder than normal in order to provide adequate food to the body`s cells. Eventually, the heart will fail and result in heart diseases. It is recommended that you reduce the intake of animal fat and growth the intake of cold water fish which is the best sources of omega 3 and 6 fatty acids that can help your cholesterol levels as well as lowering your blood pressure.

c). Diet high in involved carbohydrates
Vegetables, fruits, some beans and grains comprise high amounts of plant pigments known as flavonoids that provide wholesome safety against heart diseases. Unfortunately study shows that diets high in involved carbohydrate may growth the release of too much insulin to rejoinder to carbohydrates in the diet. The type and amount of carbohydrate foods may need individual monitoring.

d). Drink half of your body weight of water or juices in ounces
If you weigh 160 pounds then you are need to drink 80 ounces of water or juices to preclude the cells in our body to come to be dehydrated. Maintaining normal function of our body's cells is a wholesome way to normalize high blood pressure.

2. prevention and medicine of Heart Disease with natural remedies

Beside foods and herbs, nutritional supplements also play an leading role in preventing heart diseases and stroke. Here are some nutritional supplements which have proven narrative in treating heart diseases:

a. L-Arginine
L-Arginine helps to growth the yield of nitric oxide in our body, this has an anti-angina and anti-stress result upon the arteries enabling the muscles in the arterial walls to relax. L-Arginine also helps to preclude the build up of plaque on the arterial walls. L- Arginne taken either orally or intravenously has been found to preclude and reverse atherosclerosis, enhancing the functional status of heart failure and increasing blood flow in heart disease patients.

b. L- Carnitine
L-Carnitine working with vitamin E will help the body to recover quickly from fatigue. L-Carnitine helps the body change fatty acids into energy, which is used primarily for muscular activities throughout the body. When working with vitamin E, L-carnitine will help the body to recover quickly from fatigue and combat heart diseases.

c. Lecithin
Lecithin supplies the body with needed inositol, choline and phosphatidyl choline that help to sound wholesome arteries. Lecithin also helps to reduce plaque in the arteries, lower blood pressure and ameliorate angina pectoris.

d. Niacin
Niacin a B3 vitamin, helps decreases blood levels of cholesterol and triglycerides which may reduce the risk of atherosclerosis. Niacin can only be taken under healing supervision because of it's side effects.

e. Selenium
Selenium scantness will cause growth in high blood pressure.

f. Taurine
Taurine is an amino acid that acts as an antioxidant helping to fortify cardiac contraction and improve the outflow of blood from the heart. Intake of taurine will reduce the risk of congestive heart failure and arteriosclerosis.

g. Calcium and potassium
Calcium and potassium scantness may result in heart palpitation.

h. Magnesium
Magnesium helps to improve blood circulation by permitting the muscles in the arterial wall to rest.

i. Lutein
Lutein is one of the carotenoids, yellow and orange pigments found in many fruits and vegetables. Lutein supplementation has already been proven in helping preclude muscular degeneration, the most coarse cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly. Study shows that increased dietary intake of lutein may protect against the improvement of early atherosclerosis. It also helps explicate why diets rich in fruits and vegetables are connected with reduced risk of heart diseases.

j. Flax seeds
Flax seeds comprise high amounts of alpha-linoenic acid that helps to lower high blood pressure and the risk of stroke. Eating too much flax seeds will cause gas to build up if you are not used to it.

k. Ginkgo biloba
Ginkgo biloba helps to to make blood less sticky and prevents blood clotting and stroke. Unlike aspirin, Ginkgo biloba will not cause upset stomach and internal bleeding. Also, Ginkgo biloba can improve blood circulation. Be sure not to take Ginkgo seeds because they are toxic and can cause seizures.

l. Cayenne
Cayenne stimulates blood flow, and strengthens the heart's metabolism. It also helps to improve blood circulation as well as the digestive and immune systems. Cayenne contains high amounts of beta-carotene, cobalt, vital fatty acids, niacin and zinc that helps circulatory stimulation, blood purification, detoxification and fatigue.

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